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《关于中美经贸磋商的中方立场》白皮书(三)
来源:未知  时间:2019-06-13

Box 2: The Chinese and American economies are interlinked, and bilateral trade and investment are mutually beneficial

专栏2 中美经济相互融合,贸易投资惠泽双方

 

China and the US are each others largest trading partner and important source of investment. In 2018, bilateral trade in goods and services exceeded US$750 billion, and two-way direct investment approached US$160 billion. China-US commercial cooperation has brought substantial benefits to both countries and both peoples.

中美互为最大贸易伙伴国和重要投资来源地。2018年,双边货物和服务贸易额超过7500亿美元,双向直接投资累计近1600亿美元。中美经贸合作给两国和两国人民带来了实实在在的利益。

According to China Customs, the trade in goods between China and the US grew from less than US$2.5 billion in 1979 when the two countries forged diplomatic ties to US$633.5 billion in 2018, a 252-fold increase. In 2018, the US was Chinas largest trading partner and export market, and the sixth largest source of imports. According to the US Department of Commerce, in 2018 China was the largest trading partner of the US, its third largest export market, and its largest source of imports. China is the key export market for US airplanes, soybeans, automobiles, integrated circuits and cotton. During the ten years from 2009 to 2018, China was one of the fastest growing export markets for American goods, with an annual average increase of 6.3 percent and an aggregate growth of 73.2 percent, higher than the average growth of 56.9 percent represented by other regions in the world.

在双边贸易方面,根据中国海关统计,中美货物贸易额从1979年建交时的不足25亿美元,增至2018年的6335亿美元,增长了252倍。2018年,美国是中国第一大贸易伙伴国第一大出口市场、第六大进口来源地。根据美国商务部统计,2018年,中国是美国第一大贸易伙伴第三大出口市场第大进口来源地。中国是美国飞机、大豆、汽车、集成电路、棉花的主要出口市场。2009年至2018年十年间,中国是美国货物出口增长最快的市场之一,年均增速为6.3%,累计增长73.2%,高于美国对世界其他地区56.9%的平均增幅。

Trade in services between China and the US is flourishing and highly complementary. The two countries have conducted extensive, in-depth, and mutually-beneficial cooperation in tourism, culture, and intellectual property. China is the largest destination for US tourists in the Asia-Pacific and the US is the largest overseas destination for Chinese students. According to Chinese figures, two-way trade in services rose from US$27.4 billion in 2006, the earliest year with available statistics, to US$125.3 billion in 2018, a 3.6-fold increase. In 2018, Chinas services trade deficit with the US reached US$48.5 billion.

中美服务贸易蓬勃发展、互补性强,两国在旅游、文化、知识产权等领域开展了广泛深人、有益的合作。中国成为美国在亚太地区第一大旅游目的地,美国成为中国学生出境留学第一大目的国。根据中方统计,中美服务贸易额从统计开始的2006274亿美元增至2018年的1253亿美元,增长了3.6倍。2018年,中国对美服务贸易逆差达485亿美元。

Over the past forty years, two-way investment between China and the US has grown from near zero to approximately US$160 billion, and this cooperation has proved fruitful. According to MOFCOM, by the end of 2018 accumulative Chinese business direct investment in the US exceeded US$73.17 billion. The rapid growth of Chinese business investment in the US has contributed to local economic growth, job creation, and tax revenues. According to MOFCOM, the paid-in investment by the US in China was US$85.19 billion by the end of 2018. In 2017, the total annual sales revenues of US-invested companies in China were US$700 billion, with profits exceeding US$50 billion.

过去40年,中美双向投资由几乎为零到累计近1600亿美元,合作卓有成效。根据中国商务部统计,截至2018年底,中国企业在美国直接投资金额731.7亿美元。中国企业在美国的投资迅猛增长,为促进当地经济发展,增加就业和税收作出了积极贡献。美对华投资方面,根据中国商务部统计,截至2018年底,美国对华实际投资851.9亿美元。2017年,美资企业在华年销售收人7000亿美元,利润超过500亿美元。

Therefore, if trade in goods and services as well as two-way investment are taken into account, China-US trade and economic relations are mutually beneficial, rather than the US being taken advantage of.

因此,如果把中美双方在货物贸易、服务贸易和双向投资等方面综合考虑,双方经贸往来是惠泽彼此的关系,而非所谓美国“吃亏”的结果。

 

(I) The tariff measures the US imposed harm others and are of no benefit to itself

(一)美国加征关税措施损人不利己

 

The US administration has imposed additional tariffs on Chinese goods exported to the US, impeding two-way trade and investment cooperation and undermining market confidence and economic stability in the two countries and globally. The US tariff measures lead to a decrease in the volume of Chinas export to the US, which fell by 9.7 percent year-on-year in the first four months of 2019, dropping for five months in a row. In addition, as China has to impose tariffs as a countermeasure to US tariff hikes, US exports to China have dropped for eight months in a row. The uncertainty brought by US-China economic and trade friction made companies in both countries more hesitant about investing. Chinas investment in the US continues to fall and the growth rate of US investment in China has also slowed down. According to Chinese statistics, direct investment by Chinese companies in the US was US$5.79 billion in 2018, down by 10 percent year-on-year. In 2018, paid-in US investment in China was US$2.69 billion, up by only 1.5 percent year-on-year compared with an increase of 11 percent in 2017. With the outlook for China-US trade friction unclear, the WTO has lowered its forecast for global trade growth in 2019 from 3.7 percent to 2.6 percent.

美国政府对中国输美商品加征关税,阻碍双边贸易投资合作,影响两国乃至全球市场信心和经济平稳运行。美国的关税措施导致中国对美出口额下滑,20191月至4月同比下降9.7%,连续5个月下降。同时,由于中国不得不针对美国加税采取加征关税应对,美国对华出口连续8个月下降。中美经贸摩擦带来的不确定性使两国企业对开展投资合作持观望态度,中国对美投资持续下滑,美国对华投资增速也明显降低。据中国有关方面统计,2018年中国企业对美直接投资57.9亿美元,同比下降10%2018年美国实际对华投资金额26.9亿美元,增速从2017年的11%大幅回落至1.5%。由于中美经贸摩擦前景不明,世界贸易组织将2019年全球贸易增长速度由3.7%下调至2.6%

 

(II) The trade war has not made America great again

(二)贸易战没有给美国带来所谓的“再次伟大”

 

The tariff measures have not boosted American economic growth. Instead, they have done serious harm to the US economy.

加征关税措施不仅没有推动美国经济增长,反而带来了严重伤害。

First, the tariff measures have significantly increased production costs for US companies. The Chinese and US manufacturing sectors are highly dependent on each other. Many American manufacturers depend on Chinas raw materials and intermediary goods. As it is hard for them to find good alternative suppliers in the short term, they will have to bear the costs of the tariff hikes.

一是提高美国企业生产成本。中美制造业相互依存度很高,许多美国制造商依赖中国的原材料和中间品,短期内难以找到合适的替代供应商,只能承担加征关税的成本。

Second, the tariff measures lead to domestic price hikes in the US. The import of value-for-money consumer goods from China is a key factor behind the long-term low inflation in the US. After the additional tariffs were imposed, the final selling price of Chinese products increased, leaving American consumers effectively bearing some tariff costs. According to research by the US National Retail Federation, the 25 percent additional tariffs on furniture alone will cost the US consumer an additional US$4.6 billion per year.

二是抬升美国国内物价。进口中国物美价廉的消费品是美国通胀率长期保持低位的重要因素之一。加征关税后,中国产品最终销售价格提高,实际上美国消费者也承担了关税成本。美国全国零售商联合会研究显示,仅对中国家具征收25%关税一项,就使美国消费者每年多付出46亿美元的额外支出。

Third, the tariff measures have an impact on US economic growth and peoples livelihood. A joint report by the US Chamber of Commerce and the Rhodium Group in March 2019 showed that, under the impact of China-US economic and trade friction, US GDP in 2019 and the next four years could decrease by US$64-91 billion per year, about 0.3-0.5 percent of total US GDP. If the US imposes 25 percent tariffs on all Chinese goods exported to the US, US GDP will decrease by US$1 trillion in the next ten years cumulatively. According to a research report in February 2019 by Trade Partnership, an American think-tank, if the US imposes 25 percent additional tariffs on all imported Chinese goods, US GDP will decrease by 1.01 percent, with 2.16 million job losses and an additional annual burden of US$2,294 on a family of four.

三是影响美国经济增长和民生。美国商会和荣鼎集团20193月联合发布的报告显示,受中美经贸摩擦影响,2019年及未来4年美国国内生产总值将可能每年减少640亿至910亿美元,约占美国国内生产总值总额的0.3%0.5%。如美国对所有中国输美商品征收25%关税,未来10年美国国内生产总值将累计减少1万亿美元。美国智库“贸易伙伴”(Trade Partnership20192月发布的研究报告显示,如美国对所有中国输美商品加征25%的关税,美国国内生产总值将减少1.01%,就业岗位将减少216万个,一个四口之家每年支出将增加2294美元。

Fourth, the tariff measures lead to barriers to US exports to China. The 2019 State Export Report, published by the US-China Business Council on May 1, 2019, stated that in the ten years from 2009 to 2018, US exports to China supported over 1.1 million jobs. The Chinese market continues its importance to US economic growth. Forty-eight states of the US have increased their goods exports to China during the last decade – 44 of them by double digits – while in 2018, when economic and trade friction worsened, only 16 states increased their goods exports to China. Thirty-four states exported fewer goods to China, with 24 of them seeing a double-digit decrease. The Midwestern agricultural states were hit particularly hard. Under tariff measures, exports of American agricultural produce to China decreased by 33.1 percent year-on-year, including a 50 percent drop in soybeans. US businesses are worried that they might lose the Chinese market, which they have been cultivating for nearly 40 years.

四是阻碍美对华出口。美中贸易全国委员会201951日发布的《各州对华出口报告——2019》指出,2009年至2018年十年间,美国对华出口支撑了超过110万个美国就业岗位,中国市场对美国经济至关重要。在此十年中,美国48个州对华货物出口实现累计增长,其中44个州实现两位数增长,但在中美经贸摩擦加剧的2018年,美国仅有16个州对华货物出口实现增长,34个州对华出口下降,其中24个州出现两位数降幅,中西部农业州受损最为严重。受关税措施影响的美国农产品对华出口同比减少33.1%,其中大豆降幅近50%,美国业界担心从此失去培育了近40年的中国市场。

 

(III) US trade bullying harms the world

(三)美国贸易霸凌行径殃及全球

 

Economic globalization is a firmly-established trend of the times. Beggar-thy-neighbor unilateralism and protectionism are unpopular. The trade protectionist measures taken by the US go against the WTO rules, damage the multilateral trading system, seriously disrupt global industrial chains and supply chains, undermine market confidence, and pose a serious challenge to global economic recovery and a major threat to the trend of economic globalization.

经济全球化是不可阻挡的时代潮流,以邻为壑的单边主义、保护主义不得人心。美国采取的一系列贸易保护措施,违反世界贸易组织规则,损害多边贸易体制,严重干扰全球产业链和供应链,损害市场信心,给全球经济复苏带来严峻挑战,给经济全球化趋势造成重大威胁。

First, the US measures are undermining the authority of the multilateral trading system. The US has launched a series of unilateral investigations, including those under Sections 201, 232 and 301, and imposed tariff measures. These are a serious breach of the most fundamental and central WTO rules, including most-favored-nation treatment and tariff binding. Such unilateralist and protectionist actions have harmed the interests of China and other WTO members. More importantly, they have undermined the authority of the WTO and its dispute settlement system, and exposed the multilateral trading system and international trade order to peril.

一是损害多边贸易体制权威。美国依据国内法发起201”“232”“301”等一系列单边调查,并采取加征关税措施,严重违反世界贸易组织最基本最核心的最惠国待遇、关税约束等规则。这种单边主义、保护主义行为不仅损害中国和其他成员利益,更损害了世界贸易组织及其争端解决机制的权威性,使多边贸易体制和国际贸易秩序面临险境。

Second, the US measures threaten global economic growth. With the shadow of the international financial crisis still lingering over the global economy, the US government has escalated economic and trade friction and hiked additional tariffs, provoking corresponding measures by the countries involved. This disrupts global economic and trade order, dampens world economic recovery, and undermines the development of companies and the well-being of people in all countries, plunging the world economy into the recession trap.

二是威胁全球经济增长。全球经济尚未完全走出国际金融危机的阴影,美国政府升级经贸摩擦、提高关税水平,相关国家不得不采取相应措施,导致全球经贸秩序紊乱,阻碍全球经济复苏,殃及各国企业发展和人民福祉,使全球经济落入“衰退陷阱”。20191月,世界银行发布《全球经济展望》报告,将2019年全球经济增长预期进一步降至2.9%,贸易关系持续紧张是主要下行风险之一。国际货币基金组织20194月发布的《世界经济展望》报告,将2019年全球经济增长预期从2018年预计的3.6%下调至3.3%,并表示经贸摩擦可能会进一步抑制全球经济增长,继续削弱本已疲弱的投资。

Third, the US moves disrupt global industrial and supply chains. China and the US are both key links in global industrial and supply chains. Given the large volume of intermediary goods and components from other countries in Chinese end-products exported to the US, US tariff hikes will hurt all the multinationals – not least those from the US – that work with Chinese companies. The tariff measures artificially drive up the costs of supply chains, and undermine their stability and security. As a result, some businesses are forced to readjust their global supply chains at the expense of optimal resource allocation.

三是扰乱全球产业链、供应链。中美都是全球产业链、供应链的重要环节。中国对美出口的最终产品中包含大量从他国进口的中间产品和零部件。美国对来自中国的进口产品加征关税,受害的将是包括美国企业在内的与中国企业合作的众多跨国公司。加征关税措施导致供应链成本人为增加,影响供应链的稳定和安全。部分企业被迫调整供应链全球布局,全球资源无法实现最佳配置。

It is foreseeable that the latest US tariff hikes on China, far from resolving issues, will only make things worse for all sides. China stands firm in opposition. Recently, the US administration imposed long-arm jurisdiction and sanctions against Huawei and other Chinese companies on the fabricated basis of national security, to which China is also firmly opposed.

可以预见,美国最新采取的对华关税升级措施,不但解决不了问题,还将进一步损害各方利益,中国对此坚决反对。近期,美国政府以所谓国家安全的“莫须有”名义,连续对华为等多家中国企业实施“长臂管辖”制裁,中国同样坚决反对。


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